More information: Zhengyao Lu et al, Increased frequency of multi-year El Niño–Southern Oscillation events across the Holocene, Nature Geoscience (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41561-025-01670-y ...

The above-average forecast is attributed to current La Nina conditions, also known as persistent colder-than-normal surface temperature anomalies. Our La Nina is expected to transition to ENSO ...