Background: Approximately 20,000 permanent pacemakers (PPMs) are implanted annually for bradycardia or atrioventricular (AV) block after cardiac surgery. Little is known about the long-term pacing ...

The baseline characteristics of the 6,268 cardiac surgery patients are outlined in Table I. The mean age of the study patients was 66 ± 10 years. Overall, 141 (2.2%) patients underwent PPM ...

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