Tharp’s map provided some of the necessary missing evidence. If the ocean floor was spreading apart at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge ...

By comparison, the temperature of crustal fluids can reach 400 degrees C at hydrothermal vents in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where tectonic plates are diverging and new oceanic crust is being formed.

The map is a fascinating representation of the protection geography and meteorology gives the millions of people who live in ...